What term refers to a structural member that supports horizontal components and conveys load to the base?

The correct term for a structural member that supports horizontal components and conveys load to the base is "beam." A beam is specifically designed to carry loads across spans and is typically horizontal in orientation. It works by transferring the load it carries to vertical supports, like columns or walls, which then distribute the load further down to the foundation or ground.

Columns provide vertical support, but their primary role is not to support horizontal components directly; instead, they often support beams or other structures above them. Braces are elements that are used to stabilize structures against lateral forces and are typically diagonal in position. Studs are vertical framing members in walls that do not primarily function to support horizontal loads but rather, assist in the overall structure of a wall and provide places to attach wall coverings.

Thus, in the context of this question, the term "beam" accurately describes the function of supporting horizontal loads and transferring forces to the base structure, making it the most appropriate choice.